This paper showed that ERABs are confronting extremely high indoor daylight quantity, up to 10,228 lx, and low quality with intolerable glare. Before the simulation experiments, field measurement of daylight was performed under a tropical sky to validate the results, and the findings revealed significant Pearson correlations. Different interior design variables were simulated by the Radiance-based program to analyse daylighting in a closed-plan room. Thus, interior retrofit is significant to provide visual comfort for users in ERABs with low flexibility for modification of their facades. Low-quality visual environments in ERABs, which have no shading controls on their windows, are evident in tropical climates with extremely high solar radiation. However, existing residential apartment buildings (ERABs) had been designed for accommodation but not for office works. Besides, the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 disease forced many people to work from their homes. Home-based workspaces have considerably increased all over the world. To achieve the optimum daylight performance, design of the opposing window façades of school classrooms with bilateral openings should not be identical. The slope and WWR of the wall that faces west, southwest, south, or southeast, has the strongest influence on the defined objective function that includes all daylight metrics.
Multi-objective optimizations using genetic algorithms (GA) through Octopus with SPEA-2 algorithms are performed to determine the optimum design solutions following the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Computational modelling with Honeybee in Rhinoceros/ Grasshopper platform is employed to conduct the annual daylight simulation. Climate-based daylight metrics such as UDI250-750 lx, sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250 are utilized as the performance indicators. Design parameters such as façade orientation, window-to-wall ratio, window elevations, wall slopes, interior surface reflectance and glazing transmittance are considered in the model of a hypothetical, typical classroom without shading devices. This study thus aims at exploring and optimizing self-shading design possibilities for creating daylight-friendly, tropical elementary school classrooms with bilateral openings, by means of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The use of two-sided or bilateral daylight opening, as well as the self-shading mechanism using sloped walls, are currently seen as potential strategies to achieve good daylighting in tropical buildings. Despite its potential, daylighting strategies in school classrooms in the tropical climate regions is little explored in the literature.
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